Sustainable Development Goal 13 is an activity committed with the intention of stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) levels in the environment to stop potentially harmful human meddling with the climate system. GHG are released into the environment from various non-renewable energy sources of power generation and many industries that cause extensive damage to the environment. Some countries have begun to implement various pollution prevention strategies, such as power generation from renewable energy sources, which emit no greenhouse gases (GHG) or CO2. This study focuses on an analysis of GHG emission reduction along with the financial feasibility of a grid-connected 100MW PV solar system. This study uses RETScreen software to evaluate the GHG emissions reduction analysis as well as a financial analysis of the system. The annual electricity supplied to the local grid of the proposed PV power plant is 137,481MWh. The cost of reducing CO2 emissions has a positive impact on the overall cumulative cash flow of the proposed system.

The sun is the main source of energy that provides light and heat energy. With the advancements in the power electronic components, grid-tied solar PV systems are readily available for distributed generation to meet the energy requirements of the customers. The objective of this study and analysis is to predict the potential for solar PV systems and solar thermal energy exploration and the potential for mitigating CO2 emissions and economic benefits. A case study is carried out at Shimoga Milk Union Limited (SHIMUL) Dairy, Machanahalli, Shimoga, Karnataka, India, which handles 75 lakh liters of milk, consumes 2,03,524 units of electricity and 1350 tonnes of steam per month. Analysis has been made on the integration of a 600 kW solar PV system with grid and solar water heaters with the necessary infrastructure for supplying electrical and thermal energy. The study Yields the result that a solar PV system produces 60,000 units per month reduces 29.5% of electrical energy imported from the grid and 50 evacuated tube flat plate collector type solar water heaters of 1000-liter capacity to supply the 50,000 liters of hot water to the boiler at 65˚C reduces input of fuel by 23%, reduces the annual reduction of CO2 emission by 1626 tonnes. Return on Investment for solar PV systems and solar thermal systems is 4.25 years and 2.7 years, respectively. The analysis extended for each of the various fuels typically used in boilers to produce steam. The procedure developed for estimating the potential for economic and environmental benefits using renewable energy sources for the dairy industry could be extended to any of the industrial sectors that need electrical and thermal energy.

The aim of this paper is to compare the electric power output of the photovoltaic Module (PV) and photovoltaic-thermal water collector (PV/T). The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic Modules is greatly reduced by increasing their surface temperature. The hybrid photovoltaicthermal collector consists of a PV Module with a thermal collector attached behind it. The circulating fluid in the collector removes heat from the module and increases its electrical efficiency. In the first part of this paper, a theoretical analysis of a liquid PV/T collector is made based on thermal modeling using the first law of thermodynamics. An unglazed hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collector with serpentine tubes has been designed and manufactured to validate the theoretical results. Then the collector has been tested for three days and results have been compared with a sample photovoltaic module. The theoretical calculations were performed using Matlab software and its results showed good agreement with experimental results. Our finding shows a maximum increase of 6% in the electrical efficiency of PV/T in comparison to the PV module. At the same time, the water temperature has increased by 5° C.

Rooftop solar PV integration into the distribution systems brings benefits to both consumers and utility organizations. These ever-increasing, unplanned generating points in the form of rooftop solar PVs can have undesirable effects on the performance of the system. From the technical point of view, maximum rooftop solar PV hosting capacity mainly depends on whether the parameters such as power loss, overvoltage, and voltage unbalance are kept within the permissible level while increasing the rooftop solar PVs' capacities.  Rooftop solar PVs are owned by individual households and their locations in the distribution system are unpredictable.  The locations and capacities of rooftop solar PVs are the two parameters that influence the above parameters. This paper proposes a stochastic approach to allocate rooftop solar PVs in a distribution system using the Monte Carlo method. An algorithm is developed to allocate rooftop solar PVs in a distribution system and assess the overvoltage and voltage unbalance of the distribution system. Practical data of possible rooftop solar PV capacities are used for the determination of probabilities of occurrence of rooftop solar PV with the given rating. The proposed method is tested using a Low Voltage distribution system in a sub-urban area. The results show that the voltage unbalance and overvoltage at feeder endpoints are mostly affected due to the increase in solar PV integration. The results also show an increase in the solar PV penetration level by more than 40%.

In this research, a multi-objective model is presented considering simulated behavior of high-efficiency rooftop solar PV panels in a factory, which are among the largest producers of greenhouse gases. The paper proposes a simulationoptimization approach that is used to maximize the net present value (NPV) of economic benefits along with minimizing the payback period (PBP) of the investment and maximizing solar energy consumption rate (SECR). In addition, the solar PV panels degradation and maintenance cost, as well as the uncertainty in solar irradiance and demand load, are also considered. The study consists of two scenarios, in the first of which both electricity tariffs and feed-in-tariffs (FiT) are fixed by a long-term contract. The second scenario investigates the situation in which subsidies on electricity tariff are removed. The best types of panels are found in each scenario considering the trade-offs between objective functions. The preferred trade-off solution in the first scenario, with a 2% increase in PBP, achieves more than 10% growth in NPV which is about $15000 in a year. In the second scenario, with only about a 0. 2% decrease in NPV and a 3% increase in PBP, the preferred solution attains a 9% increase in SECR.

In this research, thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of a new multigeneration system based on the Parabolic trough collector and the photovoltaic-thermal solar collectors is carried out to produce power, cooling, hot water, hydrogen and freshwater. The proposed system includes an organic Rankine cycle, double-effect absorption refrigeration system, PEM electrolyzer and the reverse osmosis desalination unit. Analysis of energy, exergy, thermoeconomics, as well as analysis of various parameters was done by using the EES software. The results show that the energy and second law efficiency of the system is 33.49% and 13.31%, respectively. The net power produced by the system is 1271.48 kW in which ORC turbine has the maximum share. Moreover, the coefficient of performance of the cooling system is achieved to be 1.097 by considering the basic assumptions. The hydrogen and freshwater production rates are 542.3 kg/day and 4.55 kg/s, respectively. Finally, the rate of exergy destruction in each part of the system shows that the highest rate of exergy loss occurs in the PTC collector and the organic Rankine cycle with the amount of 53575 kW and 1624 kW, respectively, and in the organic Rankine cycle, the thermoelectric generator unit and evaporator have the largest share of exergy losses.

today , due to various reasons such as increasing the prices of energy carriers , increasing the amount of pollutants in the environment , the use of renewable energy sources in the production of electrical energy is growing .among the renewable energy systems , photovoltaic systems are hugely popular because of their stability , high lifetime and low cost of service and maintenance .therefore , evaluation of their performance in order to understand the different aspects of their performance is necessary because the lack of attention to this critical issue in the use of these resources will not only be useful but also it may incur the cost of irreversible economic costs .in order to avoid this problem , various software tools have been proposed to simulate and evaluate the pre-construction of electrical power generation units .in this paper , with the help of accurate meteorological data including annual radiation and ambient temperature , the feasibility of installing a 30 kW PV grid-connected to the grid in a training center has been investigated by using PVsyst software . the simulation results showed that using solar resources for generating electrical energy in this location would be appropriate.